All or some of the above errors can occur over a period of time. It is important to regularly check and calibrate the sensor.

Factory Calibration:

Two point or single point calibration is available on the T-611, T-611P and T-612 instruments. The factory does a 2 point calibration to set the zero point and the slope. Buffer solutions of pH 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0 are prepared using the Standard Methods Handbook (ref: Durst, R.A. 1975 Standard Reference Materials: Standardization of pH Measurements NBS Spec Publ. 260-53, National Bur. Standards, Washington D.C.) Other buffers of different values are accommodated, these can be dialled up in the calibration routine on the instruments.

User Calibration:

Place the probe into buffers between 4.0 and 7.2 ideally 7.0 and calibrate. Rinse with distilled water and shake off excess water. Place probe into buffer between 7.0 and 10.0 and calibrate. The coefficients offset and slope with the date and time will be held in memory and can be downloaded onto a  disk or printed out for future reference. All new instruments have the coefficients printed out and enclosed with the user manual. These coefficients should be kept to compare with future calibrations. This will give an indication of:

1. The stability of the electrode. 
2. Accidental or unuathorised calibration. 

If the probe is to be used over a wide range of pH values it is a good practice check the pH electrode in buffers 4.0  7.0 and 10.0 to be sure the readings are in the stated accuracy range. 

Recalibration:

Set-point or zero-point and slope stability depend entirely on the nature of the sample solution and the degree of accuracy required. No hard and fast answer can be given to the usual question " How often do I recalibrate?' However the rule of thumb has proved itself in practice: 

When carrying out measurements in a sample substance or solution which has never been tried before, it is advisable to recalibrate frequently. If no significant variation in value is found, the calibration interval can be correspondingly increased eg weekly.  

A comparison check between the electrode slope of the probe when new and at the its next calibration can be made. For example,  if the  pH sensor factory coefficients are: 

Calibration Date/Time           Offset            Slope 
02/04/97 08:48  pH              4706.539      -698.273

The slope should remain within limits of: 
                        -5% to +2% ==>               -663.359  to  -712.238 

If the slope is outside this range the probe must be serviced or  it may be necessary to change the pH sensor. 

Measurement of Junction Potential:

A comparison check between the electrode offset of the probe when new and at its next calibration can be made.

For the pH sensor factory coefficient in the previous example, if the offset changes by 3%, ie outside the range  4706.539 to 4800.669 the electrode needs attention. 

The effect of the junction potential can be checked by measuring  the pH at 7. Use a pH phosphate buffer solution and compare  it with the pH of the same solution diluted with 9 parts of freshly boiled deionised water. The pH of the diluted buffer should be 0.2 +/- 0.05 units higher than the original buffer. If the values are outside this range, the reference electrode needs attention. It is suggested that this test be carried out every four months as a cross check for the above.

Electrode life:

If the electrode has not suffered due to misuse or contaminated electrodes  then the probable main cause of electrode failure is exhausted reference electrolyte. Then the probe will need to be replaced. If the electrode is used regularly and stored in probe keeping solution the electrode life and calibration stability will  be extended.